- Baghdad
- Kufa
- Makkah
- Madina
Medina served as the political capital under the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661 CE) before the Umayyads moved it to Damascus, marking Islam’s transition to imperial governance.
Medina served as the political capital under the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661 CE) before the Umayyads moved it to Damascus, marking Islam’s transition to imperial governance.