Pakistan's long border closure with Afghanistan has mainly affected:

1. Security cooperation
2. Academic exchange
3. Local markets
4. Air travel

The extended closure of Pakistan-Afghanistan border crossings disproportionately impacted local markets and border communities on both sides. Small and medium traders faced bankruptcy, prices of essential Afghan imports into Pakistan surged, and Pakistani exports to Central Asia via Afghanistan stalled. The closure particularly affected fresh produce, construction materials, and household goods that traditionally moved through informal cross-border trade networks.