The Quranic verse "Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors" (2:190) emphasizes what core principle?

1. Offensive warfare to spread Islam
2. Proportionality and the prohibition of aggression
3. Fighting until all people become Muslim
4. The need for superior military technology

The verse (2:190) is a foundational text for the ethics of war in Islam. It permits fighting only those who are actively engaged in fighting against Muslims. The command “do not transgress” is a clear prohibition against aggression, excessive force, and harming non-combatants. It establishes the principles of proportionality and fighting only for defensive purposes.