What is the term for a non-Muslim citizen living in a Muslim state who is protected and has rights and duties?

1. Kafir (Disbeliever)
2. Muhajir (Immigrant)
3. Dhimmi
4. Murtadd (Apostate)

The term “Dhimmi” refers to non-Muslims, primarily Jews and Christians, who live under Muslim rule in a covenant of protection. This status grants them security for their lives, property, and freedom to practice their religion in return for paying a tax (jizya). This concept is rooted in Islamic law and historical practice. It distinguishes them from other categories like immigrants or apostates.